Day 9 : The Urinary System

Working in direct correlation with the digestive system, the urinary system is responsible for the disposal of waste products. Once the blood has been filtered through the kidneys it is then passed through the ureters to be stored in the bladder.The sphincter prevents urine from leaking, while the urethra allows the waste to past through.

Here are a collection of bottoms. I know they don’t particularly reflect this system, but I didn’t really feel like drawing the ‘other things’.

Note that I started back at university today and I already have a huge tonne of work to do! I will upload daily because I made a promise to myself,  but it may be works related to my modules. 

 

Day 8 : The Digestive System

In order to survive, the body need sustenance and nutrients, this is why we intake food and drink which is then processed by the digestive system. Overall the digestive tract is almost 26ft long. When the stomach receives food, the gastric juices break it down as so it can pass through the small intestine. Once here, it is further digested by the pancreas and gall bladder. Here, the liver plays a part in converting the nutrients, generating waste and changing poisons into less harmful products. The nutrients the liver produces are taken into the bloodstream while the waste products are excreted.

The image above is referenced from a body type study by jinx-star. The image below I referenced from the same study yet added my added my understanding of the internal organs.

Day 6 : Integumentary System

The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails and sweat glands. Not only does the skin protect the inner body, it also acts as a massively intrinsic defence system.  Skin is very tough, its thickness ranging somewhere between 1-3mm (its thickness increasing around the souls of the feet, palms of the hands and back).

Skin is constructed of three main layers, all of which can be further broken down. The outer layer, the epidermis, is a sheet of skin which is constantly replenishing itself. Beneath the epidermis is the dermis. The dermis is a thick wall which provides skin with a lot of its elasticity. Finally, the innermost layer is the hypodermis which contains the fat tissue. The body uses fat as its food source. Though our daily food intake supplies us with our daily energy source, the fat reserves are kept as an emergency food source to provide energy when it isn’t being provided by carbohydrates. Fat also has secondary functions, such as protecting the body from cold and reduce shock from impact.

The fats builds up in different areas between men and women. Men primarily gain weight around their mid-drift, while within women it’s more prominent around the thighs and buttocks.

The bodies temperature is controlled by sweat glands within the skin. When the body is too hot it will produce sweat in order to cool down. The main sweat glands are found in the arm pits, around the groin and behind the knee.

The loose study in charcoal is based on William Bouguereau La Vague. Bouguereau is a renaissance artist whose portraits primarily depict fuller figured women. This shape is reflective of that period and evidence that the female form initially gathers fat cells around the hips and thighs.

Day 5 : Skeleto-Muscular System

The skeleto-muscular system is responsible for allowing movement within the body. In order to provide movement, muscles must work in pairs. For example, in order to curl the bicep upwards, the tricep must be present as this action also requires this muscle. Without these two muscles present, this action would not be possible. This is true of all other muscle pairs within the body.

There are three different types of muscle: striated, smooth and cardiac. Striated muscles covers all voluntary muscle within the body which we have conscious control over. Smooth muscle is involuntary, it is found within the walls of the hallow organs, such as the intestines. Cardiac muscles is strictly confined to the heart, this is an involuntary muscles which works continuously. ‘Cardiac’ derives from the fact that it is directly affected by out cardiovascular fitness. The fitter we are the stronger and larger our heart will be.

Tendons attach the skeletal muscles to the bones. At the full extent is where movement stops. The tendons restrict the body from over exerting itself.

Reference for the image:Anatomy for the Artist.

Day 4 : The Skeletal System

After doing some studies into the skeletal system I discovered that it consists of all the bones, cartilage and ligaments within the body. The fundamental purpose of the skeletal system is to support and project the body.

Consider the skeleton as the underlying mesh of the body. It provides the shape, holds and supports the muscles, allows movement, protects and shields vital organs and produces blood-cells. An adult skeleton consists of a total of 206 bones, the is considerably less than infants, which are placed somewhere between 250-350 bones. This is due to the fact that bones have the power to essentially ‘heal’. From infancy to adulthood, bones fuse together, which explains why they lessen. This is also true of breaks. When bones are broken, if the original pieces are still present, the body will weld them and automatically repair. However, bones cannot grow without their counterpart. For examples, amputations and severs will not be able to reform the missing bone(s).

The consistency of the skeleton makes it one of the strongest materials known to man. It can withstand an extreme amount of force and compression while also remaining flexible and elasticated. The bones adopt a cylindrical form to increase strength. Furthermore, bones are also curved in order to increase their surface area, the is evident for the ulna and radius, tibia and fibula.

The cartilage is largely made from collagen. Overall, there are three different types of cartilage: fibrous, elastic and hyaline. Fibrous cartilage creates the form of the pubic symphysis and intervertebral disks. Elastic cartilage create the shape of the ears, changing in density to give it its different textures, while the hyaline cartilage is the most common cartilage. Hyaline creates the rings of the trachea, bronchi within the lungs, gives the shape and form to the nose and ribcage and covers joints and articular sections of bone.

As so the skeleton isn’t a floating mass within the body, they are joined and placed together by ligaments. The ligaments provide the support for the joints and bones, while providing the movement. If a ligament were to tear, it would disable specific movements within that area.

I really need to invest in an A3 scanner, as I hate having a small canvas to work on. As you can see, I can’t work well on a smaller scale.

Drawn with 3B on 110gsm.